TDM Network Elements
A variety of TDM-based network elements are used to build TDM systems. Some of these elements are discussed in this section. Common handoff to optical systems takes place at the DS1/DS3 levels in the case of the T-carrier, and E1/E3 levels in the case of the E-carrier. Note that the various individual network elements presented in this section, such as repeaters, CSUs/DSUs, DACS, and channel banks, are commercially available as integrated units supporting a wide variety of low- and high-speed interfaces, encoding, signaling, and protocols. The TDM network elements integrate to form the digital loop carrier (DLC) supporting various TDM architectures and topologies.
Repeaters
Repeaters are four-wire T1/E1 unbalanced amplifiers ...
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