Conventions Used in This Book

The following conventions are used in this book:

Italic is used for file and directory names and for URLs. It is also used to emphasize new terms and concepts when they are introduced.

Constant Width is used for code examples and system output.

Constant Width Italic is used in examples for variable input or output (e.g., a filename).

Constant Width Bold is used in examples for user input.

Underlining is used occasionally in examples to highlight code being discussed.

Strike-through is used in examples to show input typed by the user that is not echoed by the computer. This is mainly for passwords and passphrases that are typed.

CTRL-X or ^X indicates the use of control characters. It means hold down the CONTROL key while typing the character “X”.

All command examples are followed by RETURN unless otherwise indicated.

Tip

Indicates a tip, suggestion, or general note.

Warning

Indicates a warning or caution.

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