Abbreviations
| 2WD | 2-wheel drive |
| 4WD | 4-wheel drive |
| AC | alternating current |
| AFR | air-fuel ratio |
| Ah | amp-hour |
| AMT | automated manual transmission |
| AT | automatic transmission |
| BAS | belted alternator starter |
| BD | block diagram |
| BDC | bottom dead centre |
| BLDC | brushless DC |
| BMEP | brake mean effective pressure |
| BMS | battery management system |
| BSFC | brake specific fuel consumption |
| CAFE | corporate average fuel economy |
| CI | compression ignition |
| CO2 | carbon dioxide |
| COP | conformity of production |
| CPP | constant power performance |
| CSM | charge sustaining mode |
| CTP | constant torque performance |
| CVT | continuously variable transmission |
| DC | direct current |
| DCT | dual clutch transmission |
| deg. | degree |
| DOF | degree of freedom |
| DOH | degree of hybridization |
| EC | eddy current |
| ECU | engine control unit |
| EFCC | Efficient Fuel Consumption Curve |
| EGR | exhaust gas recirculation |
| EM | electric motor |
| EMS | engine management system |
| EOP | engine operating point |
| EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
| EREV | extended range electric vehicle |
| EUDC | extra-urban European driving cycle |
| EV | electric vehicle |
| FBD | free body diagram |
| FC | fuel consumption |
| FCVs | fuel cell vehicles |
| FEAD | front engine accessory drive |
| FEM | finite elements methods |
| FTP | Federal Test Procedure |
| FTP | fixed throttle performance |
| FWD | front wheel drive |
| GDI | gasoline direct injection |
| HC | hydrocarbons |
| HCCI | homogeneous charge compression ignition |
| HEV | hybrid electric vehicle |
| IC | internal combustion |
| ICE | internal combustion engine ... |
