A
.ab request 440
alias command 294
alphabetic lists
arguments
in macros 416
in shell scripts 23
to UNIX commands 13
arithmetic expressions
in troff 419
.as request 430
autoincrementing number registers 428
awkronym script 390, 392-393, 396-397, 399-400
basic operations 387
BEGIN procedures 392
built-in functions 408
capabilities of 387
changing the field separator 391
conditional statements 394
dividing input into records and fields 389
error handling in 404
for loops with arrays 396
formatted print statement 402
passing parameters from a shell script 390
scripts for order tracking 405
similarities to sed 387
substr function 557
syntax of procedures 589
testing fields 390
while loops 393
B
.B1 macro (ms) 124
.B2 macro (ms) 124
background processing 20
.BD macro (ms) 119
.bd request 463
bdiff command 319
.BG macro (ms) 488
.BI macro (mm) 143
boldfacing
by overstriking 463
background processing 20
breaking out of a script (exit) 352
cancelling commands 13
CDPATH environment variable 294
discarding and shifting arguments 349
HOME variable 17
interrupting commands 13
long command lines 22
PATH variable 344
prompt 13
resuming commands 13
secondary prompt 22
shell functions 630
special characters 629
test options 347
variables set by .profile 630
variables set by shell under execution 630
.BR macro (mm) 143
bracket-building characters 466, 603
breaks
no-break control character 73
troff requests which cause 73
.BT macro ms) 492
.BX macro (ms) 123
C
.c2 request 435
.cc request 435
cd command 16
CDPATH environment variable 294
.cf request 460
.ch request 503
change bars 476
change pages 507
checkeq command 251
checkmm command 154
chown command 298
col command 86
commands
cancelling 13
interrupting 13
resuming 13
comments
in troff 412
conditional execution
in awk 394
copy mode 417
core dumps 411
cover sheet macros 122-123, 127
cp command 17
crypt command 335
.cs request 471
csh command 343
.cshrc file 294
CTRL key 42
cu command 339
cursor movement 28
customizing vi 51
D
date command 13
DDL 67
.DE macro (mm) 138
debugging
in pic 281
devps postprocessor 66-67, 460
dial-up line 339
diff command 312-314, 316-317, 357
diffmk command 477
directories
changing 16
creating 17
home 16
listing contents of 16
printing current 16
public 339
root 15
sub- 15
displays
fill options (mm) 146
floating (mm) 147
floating (ms) 119
labels (mm) 148
mm vs. ms 640
static (mm) 147
static (ms) 119
diversions 431, 451, 533, 536-538
appending to 433
closing 431
creating 431
naming by number register interpolation 538
splitting 538
table of contents 532
used for footnotes 504
Documenter’s Workbench 64
dot-matrix printers 8
drawing (see also pic preprocessor)
changing line weight 454
curves 455
including Macintosh illustrations 460
lines 449
sample figures 455
E
.ec request 435
echo command 14
.EF macro (mm) 133
egrep command 303
.EH macro (mm) 133
elif shell command 348
em (defined) 76
em dash 364
.em request 534
en (defined) 76
environment variables
EXINIT 51
HOME 17
PATH 344
path 345
TERM 20
.eo request 435
abbreviating a string 247
arrays 244
braces and brackets 243
displayed equations 234
fractions 244
grouping items 250
horizontal spacing 232
inline expressions 235
integrals 242
invoking 233
limits 242
lining up equations 248
matrices 244
precedence of operations 250, 621
problem checklist 251
problems with .so request 480
simple example 233
spaces in equations 236
special character names 232, 239, 241
square root signs 242
summary of command characters 618-621
summations 242
syntax 233
tabs within equations 237
using braces for grouping 238
using mm with 235
using nroff with 234
vertical piles (columns) 245
errors
in mm 130
in ms 105
in troff macros 439
messages from UNIX commands 14
escape sequences
.ev request 433
ex editor 177-202, 342-346, 355-357
@ functions 201
: prompt 27
abbreviating recurring phrases 198
address symbols 579
appending to existing file 191
command mode 179
confirming replacements 182
copying lines 180
creating a subshell 192
current line 178
deleting lines 180
differences from sed 361
editing multiple files 195
executing UNIX commands from 192
EXINIT variable 51
filtering text through a UNIX command 193
global search and replace 183, 186
insert mode 179
leaving insert mode 179
limiting search to complete words 186
mapping commands to keys 198, 200
moving lines 180
moving text blocks by patterns 187
printing line(s) 178
quitting without saving edits 191
range of lines 179
reading in a file 192
reading in result of UNIX command 192
renaming the buffer 191
saving files 190
saving part of a file 191
search for general classes of words 186
switching files 196
using current and alternate filenames 197
yanking text from one file to another 197
.EX macro (mm) 133, 148-150, 169-170
.ex request 478
built by diff 357
executing with: so 354
EXINIT variable 51
exit shell command 352
export command 51
expr command 388
expression operators
in awk 393
in pic 625
in troff 420
extended ms macros 509-541, 643-645
drawing horizontal lines 518
figure numbering 523
headers and footers 522
invoking 511
numbered headings 520
structure of 511
table numbering 523
table of contents 532
F
.FC macro (mm) 133
.fc request 469
.FG macro (mm) 148-150, 169-170
fgrep command 303
.fi request 69
fields
in cut and paste 328
in troff 469
file management 3
file system 15
files
characteristics 298
copying 17
counting characters in 21
date and time last modified 298
editing multiple 195
locating 296
metacharacters 13, 19, 295, 627
moving 17
naming restrictions 25
organizing 293
renaming 17
searching within (see also grep) 301
size in bytes 298
tracking changes to (SCCS) 319
transferring to other systems 340
viewing contents 298
filling (definition of) 60
final book production 562
flushing output buffer (see .f1)
boldfacing by overstriking 463
changing (eqn) 249
changing (tbl) 216
contents of font files 66, 635-639
downloadable 66
four standard 64
for shell command 355
form letters 477
format shell script 364-365, 369, 539, 542, 545, 559
formatting
with a markup language 6
with a word processor 6
formatting defaults
mm (see also mm macros) 130
ms (see also ms macros) 106
function keys (mapping) 199
G
getopt command 349
graphics (see also pic preprocessor) 253
Greek characters 232, 239, 604
using with find 302
H
hanging indents 79-80, 110-111
head command 300
headings
in wide margin 522
here documents 357
home directory 16
HOME variable 17
hyphenation 61
checking for correctness 74
enabling in troff 74
rules for 73
I
.IB macro (mm) 143
.ig request 438
.in request 79
adding formatting codes 555
building the page number list 551
final formatting codes 557
form of user entries 548
sorting raw entries 549
special formatting problems 558
subordinating secondary entries 553
integrals (see eqn) 242
Interpress 67
interrupted lines (in troff 423
inverse conditions 423
.IP macro 527
.IR macro (mm) 143
.IZ macro 486
J
definition of 60
mm macros 137
ms macros 107
nroff vs. troff 61
K
.KE macro (ms) 120
keep and release (see also displays) 120, 431
Kernighan and Pike
UNIX Programming Environment 11, 395
kerning 61
.KS macro (ms) 120
L
laser printers 9
.lC request 468
leading 98
letter-quality printers 8
line numbers (in vi) 47
lists
in ms 113
marked (mm) 154
mm vs. ms 640
nested (mm) 153
reference (mm) 158
user-supplied marks (mm) 156
variable-item (mm) 158, 161-162
local horizontal motions 447
local vertical motions 445
.login file 343
lp command 129
.lt request 495
M
Macintosh
illustrations 460
word processing on 9
macros (see also mm and ms)
appending to 413
arguments 416
copy mode in 417
developing a package 481
initializing 486
listing existing names 414
naming conventions 414
nested 418
new or extended? 482
page transition 489
removing 413
renaming 415
reset 487
setting default values 485
tabs and leaders in 470
/usr/1ib/tmac 483
mail command 21
coordinating final book production with 562
building makefile with a shell script 566
makedev command 637
man macros 88
mapping function keys 199
marking a horizontal position 464
marking a position
in troff 461
in vi 57
.mc request 476
mkdir command 17
mm command 129
mm macros 88
altering heading style 164-168
.BI macro 143
bold font 141
bottom-of-page processing 176
.BR macro 143
changing fonts 141
changing reference defaults 172
changing the heading mark 167-168
.DE macro 138
default formatting 130
display fill options 146
display formatting options 145
display labels 148
.EF macro 133
.EH macro 133
errors 130
.EX macro 133, 148-150, 169-170
extensions to 173
.FC macro 133
floating displays 147
footers 133
headers 133
heading number registers 165
heading strings 165
.IB macro 143
indented paragraphs 135
invoking 129
.IR macro 143
italic font 141
justification 137
marked lists 154
modifying 173
nested lists 153
number registers 174
page break 150
page numbering styles 132
paragraphs 135
paragraphs indented with exceptions 136
.PF macro 133
.PH macro 133
predefined string names 612
.RB macro 143
reference lists 158
reserved macro and string names 615
.RI macro 143
.RL macro 158
roman font 141
.SA macro 137
.SK macro 150
spacing between paragraphs 136
static displays 147
strings 175
summary of number registers 613
table of contents 168-170, 176
.TC macro 168
top-of-page processing 176
user exit 176
user-supplied list marks 156
variable-item lists 158, 161-162
vertical margins 176
vertical spacing 136-137, 143-144
mmt command 129
modem 339
mptx macros 88
mS macros (see extended ms macros)
.1C macro 125
.AB macro 122
.AE macro 122
.AI macro 122
.AU macro 122
.B1 macro 124
.B2 macro 124
.BD macro 119
.BG macro 488
.BT macro 492
.BX macro 123
changing bottom margin 508
date string 126
drawing a box 123
error handling 105
extensions to (see extended ms macros)
indented paragraphs 110
initialization sequence 486
internal macros 606
internal number register names 606
invoking 105
.KE macro 120
.KS macro 120
labeled item lists 110
multi-column processing 125-126, 505-506
numbered lists 113
number register default values 485
page layout defaults 106
page size 495
predefined and user-definable strings 607
problems on first page 127
.PT macro 492
.QE macro 110
.QS macro 110
quoted paragraphs 107
.RE macro 111
redefining header or footer 494
reserved macro and string names 607
.RS macro 111
spacing between paragraphs 107
two-column processing 125-126, 505
.UL macro 116
underlining 116
vertical spacing 107
multi-column processing 125-126, 505-506
mv command 17
N
.na request 71
.nf request 69
.nm request 475
.nn request 476
no-break control character 73
notes, cautions and warnings 530-531
nroff formatter (see also troff)
default line length 78
device units 76
inability to use pic with 253
interword spacing 62
sample output from 68
submitting documents coded for troff 67
units of measure 76
using eqn with 234
number registers 100-101, 419-425, 485, 526, 529
altering output format 428
as global variables 425
as nested list counter 526
finding names of existing 415
in ms 100
interpolating 424
mm 174
ms default values 485
naming 424
naming by interpolation 526
predefined 426
read-only 427
removing 429
scaled units 424
setting default values with 485
setting from command line 101
substituting for environment switch 529
used as flags 425
used to generalize macros 425
numbered headings 514
numbered lists
.nx request 478
O
options to UNIX commands 13
output redirection 14-15, 21, 298
appending to a file 15
P
pack command 338
page breaks 508
mm macros 150
without line breaks 89
page description languages 67
page layout 492
in ms 106
page number
in three-part titles 494
setting from command line 133
page size 495
page top resets 507
page transition 91, 176, 483-508
paragraphs
indented (mm) 135
indented (ms) 110
indented with exceptions (mm) 136
mm macros 135
ms macros 106
quoted (ms) 107
spacing between (mm) 136
spacing between (ms) 107
PATH variable 344
pathname 16
.pc request 494
pcat command 338
.PF macro (mm) 133
help screens 299
.PH macro (mm) 133
adjusting drawing motion 260
adjusting label placement 257
arrow 262
as a programming language 281, 291
automatic scaling 279
basic figures (graphics primitives) 255
changing direction of drawing 260
controlling the dimensions of a drawing 279
copy facility 289
debugging 281
declarations 622
default dimensions of standard objects 278
defining object blocks 276, 624
delimiters 622
describing single objects 255
diagonal lines 262
dimension variables 278
double-headed arrow 267
drawing in clockwise direction 263
drawing motion 258
enhancements to 291
executing UNIX commands from 291
for loops 291
functions 284
height of object 256
if conditional statements 291
inability to use with nroff 253
invisible reference object 268
language of 253
leaving space between objects 259
library of frequently used objects 289
line 257
locating objects using Cartesian coordinates 282
locating specific points 266
movement from a referenced object 265
naming an object 273
place and position notations 272
placing objects 264
placing text in a drawing 270, 274
positioning object blocks 277, 625
problems with .so request 480
programming drawings 281
reading description from remote file 289
redefining standard dimensions 278
relational operators for if statements 292
reusing dimensions 256
scaling 282
specifying dimensions 255
specifying size of graphics primitives 255
spline 263
spline 283
start and end macros 253
start and end of an object 261, 267
summary of graphics primitives 622
turning a comer 266
typical figure description 254
units of measure 255
use of object blocks 277
user-defined variables 285
using bit-mapped input 292
pica (defined) 76
.pm request 414
.pn request 9 1
point size 62, 76, 97-98, 116-1 17
changing (eqn) 249
changing (tbl) 216
postprocessors 460
pr command 299
predefined conditions
in troff 419
problems on first page (ms) 127
.profile 343
proof shell script 304, 380-386
proofreading
double awk script 395
pseudo-page transition 491
.PT macro (ms) 492
pwd command 16
Q
.QE macro (ms) 110
.QS macro (ms) 110
R
.RB macro (mm) 143
.rd request 477
.RE macro (ms) 111
read shell command 400
recommended readings 646
records (in awk) 389
redefining control and escape characters 435
reference lists (mm macros) 158
regular expressions 184-188, 568
returning to a horizontal position 464
returning to a marked position
in troff 461
in vi 57
.RI macro (mm) 143
.RL macro (mm) 158
root directory 15
.RS macro (ms) 111
S
.SA macro (mm) 137
SCCS (Source Code Control System) 319
script command 341
sdiff command 312, 315-316, 318-319
search (see also grep) 22, 45, 181, 301
search path 344
sed editor 5, 342, 360-380, 585-587
branching to parts of script 366, 369
differences from ex 361
excluding lines from editing 365-366
in format script 364
inserting lines of text 369
matching patterns across 2 lines 374-379
print command 370
quit command 373
script for extracting information from a file 370
substitute command 363
used in for loop 363
used in indexing script 557-558
set command 20
sh command 343
shell scripts 23, 343-346, 354
breaking out of 352
discarding and shifting arguments
looping 355
number of arguments ($#) 350
arguments to 23
C shell search path 345
definition of 343
export command 352
initializing variables 352
making executable 344
putting in path 344
reading data interactively 400
setting default values 352
shift shell command 349
.SK macro (mm) 150
.so request 103, 438, 479, 484
soelim command 480
sort command 22, 323, 325, 549
space at top of page 490
split command 333
SQtroff 439
square root signs (see eqn)
standard input 21
strings
appending to 430
comparing 421
defining 429
in troff 101
mm 175
multiline 102
naming 430
subdirectory 15
subscripts (see also eqn) 237
superscripts (see also eqn) 237, 446
super-user 298
T
written to standard error 532, 538
tail command 300
tar command 341
alphabetic data columns 212
breaking up long tables 224
changing format within table 219
column format options 209, 617
complex table example 227
describing column formats 209
drawing lines within tables 214
equations within tables 212
fonts 216
global format options 205-208, 616
headers 210
horizontally spanning headers 211
invoking 204
numeric data columns 212
point sizes 216
problems with .so request 480
putting text blocks in a column 221
repeating table headers 224
simple table example 206
spacing within tables 211
staggered columns 218
table end macro 205
table formatting checklist 226
table specifications 204
table start macro 205
titling tables 225
vertical spacing within data blocks 218
vertically spanned columns 213
.TC macro (mm) 168
.tc request 469
terminal messages from troff 438, 440
.ti request 79
tip command 339
title length 495
.t1 request 493
.tm request 438, 440, 502, 532, 539
tplus postprocessor 471
tr command 332
traps 89, 485, 489, 491-492, 495, 503
troff formatter 58-103, 412-480
.ab request 440
aborting 440
adjusting title length 495
aligning numeric data 83
.am request 413
appending to a diversion 433
appending to a macro 413
appending to a string 430
arithmetic expressions 419
.as request 430
autoincrementing number registers 428
basic assumptions 59
.bd request 463
boldfacing fonts by overstriking 463
bracket-building characters 466, 602
.c2 request 435
.cc request 435
.cf request 460
.ch request 503
change bars 476
changing page size 495
character output translations 473
command line options 594
comments 412
comparing strings 421
compiling font files 638
conditional execution 418
constant spacing 471
copy mode 417
.cs request 471
default units 77
defining strings 429
device units 76
diversions 451
double or triple spacing 86
downloadable fonts 66
.ec request 435
.em request 534
environment switching 433
.eo request 435
error handling 439
escape sequences 67, 444, 598-599
.ev request 433
.ex request 478
executing system commands from 480
expression operators 420
.fc request 469
.fi request 69
fields 469
flushing output buffer 438
form letters 477
Greek characters 604
headers and footers 493
horizontal spacing 76
.ig request 438
ignoring input 438
.in request 79
including Macintosh illustrations 460
interactive use 437
interrupted lines 423
interword spacing 62
inverse conditions 423
justification using mm 137
keeping text block together 431
.lc request 468
line drawing 449
line weight 454
local horizontal motions 447
local vertical motions 445
.lt request 495
macro names 414
macro style 441
marking a horizontal position 464
marking a vertical position 461
mathematic symbols 602
.mc request 476
multi-column processing 461, 505-506
multiline conditions 421
.na request 71
names of existing macros 414
names of existing number registers 415
negative vertical motions 85
nested macros 418
.nf request 69
.nm request 475
.nn request 476
number registers 100-101, 419-425, 485, 526, 529
numeric expressions 77
.nx request 478
output line numbering 475
page breaks 508
page breaks without line breaks 89
page numbering 91
page numbers 494
page offset 523
page top resets 507
page transition 86-87, 483-508
.pc request 494
.pm request 414
.pn request 91
predefined conditions 419
predefined number register names 426, 599-600
pseudo-page transition 491
.rd request 477
reading standard input 477
read-only number registers 427, 599
redefining control and escape characters 435
removing macros 413
removing number registers 429
renaming macros 415
returning to a horizontal position 464
returning to a vertical position 461
selecting output pages from command line 92
setting page number from command line 91
.so request 103, 438, 479, 484
space at top of page 490
space size 472
spacing to an absolute position 85
special characters 96, 602-604
stacking up characters 466
superscripts 446
suspending line numbering 476
.sy request 480
syntax of requests 67
tabs and leaders 467
tabs in macros 470
.tc request 469
terminal messages 438
three-part titles 494
.ti request 79
.tl request 493
.tm request 438, 440, 502, 532
transparent output 460
traps 87, 485, 489, 491-492, 495, 503
two-column processing 461
used with laser printers 9
using with ms 105
vertical spacing 65, 76, 84, 98
vertically stacked labels 467
widows and orphans 508
width function 464
two-column processing,
U
.UL macro (ms) 116
underlining 115
ms macros 116
UNIX
syntax of commands 13
system fundamentals 12
version used for this book 12
unpack command 338
unpaddable space 112-113, 474, 73
user exit macros (mm) 176
/usr/lib/font 63, 65, 93, 635-639
font description files 637-638
/usr/lib/tmac 103
uucp command 339
uuname command 339
V
variable-item lists
vertical spacing 76, 84, 98, 107, 136, 143
vertically stacked labels 467
abbreviations 198
alternative insert commands 54
append text 54
appending text 54
appending to named buffers 56
characters not used in command mode 574
command line options 49
command mode 27
current and alternate filenames 197
cursor movement by line numbers 47
cursor movement by text blocks 44
cursor movement with numeric argument 45
cursor movement within lines 44
cursor movement within screen 43
deleting single characters 37-38
displaying line numbers 31, 48
editing multiple files 195
errors when opening 27
ex commands in (see also ex) 180
filtering text through a UNIX command 193
ignoring case during searches 51
joining lines 41
mapping command sequences 198
marking place in file 57
movement by line number 48
moving by screenfuls 42
moving cursor by single lines 30
moving cursor by spaces 30
moving cursor by text blocks 31
numeric arguments to commands 30
numeric prefixes to commands 53
opening a file to a specific place 49
opening a new line for insertion 54
pattern matching characters 222
prompt line 26
quitting 27
quitting without saving edits 41
read-only mode 50
recovering a buffer 50
recovering deletions 55
repeat last search 46
repeating last command 40
returning to a position 48
saving a file 28
screen lines vs. logical lines 30
search options 53
search within current line 47
setting options 50-51, 53, 574
shiftwidth 53
showing contents of numbered buffers 55
size of window 51
status line 572
summary of options 570
view mode 50
view command (see vi editor) 50
W
wc command 21
while shell command 350
who command 22
widows and orphans 508
width function 464
word processors
command mode vs. insert mode 4
influence on writing process 1-2
vs. text editors 3
Writer’s Workbench 308
analyze style/readability (style) 308
explain diction errors (explain) 311
miscellaneous programs 311
search for poor phrasing (diction) 309
wysiwyg defined 6
X
xargs command 303
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