1 The seminal work on proximity is “Untersuchungen zür Lehre von der Gestalt, II” [Laws of Organization in Perceptual Forms] by Max Wertheimer, Psychologische Forschung, 1923, vol. 4, p. 301–350, reprinted in A Source Book of Gestalt Psychology by Willis D. Ellis (ed.), Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1999, p. 71–88. See also Principles of Gestalt Psychology by Kurt Koffka, Harcourt Brace, 1935.
2 Euler circles and Venn diagrams (methods of illustrating the relationships between sets of things in logic and mathematics) utilize this principle.
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