Understanding Emotions, 3rd Edition

CONTENTS

FIGURES

TABLES

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PART I   PERSPECTIVES ON EMOTIONS

1   APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING EMOTIONS

Introduction

What Is an Emotion? First Ideas

Nineteenth-Century Founders

Charles Darwin: The Evolutionary Approach

William James: The Physiological Approach

Sigmund Freud: The Psychotherapeutic Approach

Philosophical and Literary Approaches

Aristotle and the Ethics of Emotions

René Descartes: Philosophically Speaking

George Eliot: The World of the Arts

Brain Science, Psychology, Sociology

John Harlow, Tania Singer: New Brain Science

Magda Arnold, Sylvan Tomkins: New Psychological Theories

Alice Isen: New Experimentation

Erving Goffman, Arlie Russell Hochschild: Selves and Others

What Is an Emotion? Some Conceptions

Researchers' Conceptions of Emotions

The Emotional Realm: Emotions, Moods, Dispositions

Episodes of Emotion

Moods

Emotional Disorders

Personality Traits

Summary

Further Reading

2   EVOLUTION OF EMOTIONS

Elements of an Evolutionary Approach

Selection Pressures

Adaptation

Natural Design for Gene Replication

Three Social Motivations and One Antisocial Motivation

Attachment

Assertion

Affiliation

Emotions in the Space of Three Social Motivations

Antisocial Motivation

Why Human Emotions Are As They Are

Social Lives of Chimpanzees

Human Ancestry

Modern Hunter-Gatherer Societies

Emotions as Bases of Human Relationships

Summary

Further Reading

3   CULTURAL UNDERSTANDINGS OF EMOTIONS

The Construction of Emotions in the West

A Cultural Approach to Emotion