List of Symbols
| a | distance front axle to c.g.; half of contact length |
| ax | longitudinal acceleration |
| ay | lateral acceleration |
| aμ | slip velocity dependency coefficient for friction |
| Ar | rolling resistance coefficient |
| b | distance rear axle to c.g.; half contact width |
| B | stiffness factor in ‘Magic Formula’ |
| B1 | brake force of rolling wheel |
| c | stiffness; factor |
| cc | lateral carcass stiffness per unit length |
| cgyr | non-dimensional gyroscopic coefficient |
| cpx,y | tread element stiffness per unit length of circumference |
 |
tread element longitudinal stiffness per unit area |
| C | cornering stiffness ; sum front and rear |
| Ci | cornering stiffness, sum left and right |
| C | contact ... |
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