Management, by definition, is getting things done through others. The science of management developed during the 20th century because organizations grew incredibly large. Without order and consistency, outputs such as quality, productivity, and profitability are adversely affected. To control these outputs, “managerial” functions such as planning, budgeting, organizing staffing, controlling, and problem solving are critical. As much has been written about the technical aspects of managerial activities, we will move on to discuss leadership-oriented activities.

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