12.6. Conclusion

We highlight the important role that individual collaborations play in the innovative processes. We emphasize that researchers and managers alike must move beyond considerations of strategic alliances when exploring collaborative avenues for knowledge acquisition. Individual collaborations provide a different access to external knowledge, which needs distinct organizational capabilities. In the future, firms may learn how to develop capabilities linked with both types of collaborative activities simultaneously, to help them be more successful. Researchers need to investigate how organizations can meet this challenge.

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