CROSS-CULTURAL MANAGEMENT: SCHWABENLAND, SACKMANN, AND PHILLIPS

The dominant theories in the field of cross-cultural management are based on the idea that “national cultures can be defined, measured and located on dimensions representing various sets of values” (Schwabenland, 2006, p. 102). This type of generalization may be perceived as simplistic and no longer applicable to today’s reality. “In a multi-cultural and diverse society, culture can no longer be implicitly defined as a substitute for nation, and members of such societies can no longer be assumed to identify solely or most strongly with their country of national origin or citizenship” (Sackmann & Phillips, 2004, p. 384).

The classical concepts do not portray the complexity and ambiguity ...

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