RG

IN CONTEXT

FOCUS

Banking and finance

KEY THINKERS

Fischer Black (1938–95)

Myron Scholes (1941–)

BEFORE

1900 French mathematician Louis Bachelier demonstrates that stock prices follow a consistent but random process.

1952 US economist Harry Markowitz proposes a method to build optimal portfolios based on diversifying risk.

1960s Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is developed to determine the correct rate of return for a financial asset.

AFTER

1990s Value-at-Risk (VaR) is developed to measure the risk of loss on a portfolio.

Late 2000s Global financial markets collapse.

During the 1960s the institutional foundations of the post-war world were steadily eroded. ...

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