RG

IN CONTEXT

FOCUS

Markets and firms

KEY THINKERS

Adolf Berle (1895–1971)

Gardiner Means (1896–1988)

BEFORE

1602 The Dutch East India Company is the first joint-stock company to issue shares and begins trading on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange.

1929 The Dow Jones loses 50 percent of its value in one day, Black Thursday, kick-starting the Great Depression.

AFTER

1983 US economists Eugene Fama and Michael Jensen publish The Separation of Ownership and Control, viewing the company as a series of contracts.

2002 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act becomes law in the US, laying down stricter standards for US boardrooms.

Most people assume that the basic principle of a free market ...

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