If general perception changes from seeing the glass as “half-full” to seeing the glass as “half-empty,” there are major innovative opportunities.

In mathematics there is no difference between “the glass is half full” and “the glass is half empty.” But the meanings of these two statements are totally different, and so are their consequences. If general perception changes from seeing the glass as “half full” to seeing it as “half empty,” there are major innovative opportunities.

Unexpected success or unexpected failure is often an indication of change in perception and meaning for the consumer. When a change in perception takes place, the facts do not change. Their meaning does. For example, American health hypochondria ...

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