Our industry does not respect tradition. It only respects innovation.

—SATYA NADELLA, MICROSOFT CEO

When I worked at Amazon from early 2002 through late 2005, it was a relatively simple company. There were roughly three thousand employees at corporate headquarters (not including customer service and fulfillment associates). Almost all of our annual revenue, which at the time clocked in at just below $4 billion, came from retail sales in three categories—books, music, and video retail (primarily DVDs at that point). There were just five Amazon fulfillment centers in North America.

The holiday season of 2002 was an almost $1.5 billion-revenue quarter. ...

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