11.5. The c-Chart

A defective item is a nonconforming unit. It must be discarded, reworked, returned, sold, scrapped, or downgraded. It is unusable for its intended purpose in its present form. A defect, however, is an imperfection of some type that does not necessarily render the entire item defective or unusable, but is undesirable. One or more defects may not make an entire item defective. An assembled piece of machinery, such as a car, dishwasher, or air conditioner, may have one or more defects that may not render the entire item defective, but may cause it to be downgraded or may necessitate its being reworked.

When there are multiple opportunities for defects or imperfections in a given continuous unit (such as a large sheet of fabric ...

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