Comparison of the TCP/IP Model and the ISO/OSI Reference Model
The ISO/OSI reference model is a seven-layer model (which includes the Physical layer), whereas the TCP/IP model is a five-layer model (if you include the Hardware layer).
 | The Hardware layer has been included in this discussion for comparison purposes because the ISO/OSI Reference model has always been described as a seven-layer model, one layer of which is the Physical layer, and corresponds directly with the Hardware layer of the TCP/IP model. |
Figure 2.3 shows how the layers differ between the two models. Note that the Application layer in the TCP/IP model carries out the same function ...
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