Operating Environments and the Application Layer

The local operating system (or the network operating system) might have its own layered components that assist with providing users with access to the network. These components typically function above the TCP and UDP ports and are thus within the province of the Application layer.

All modern operating systems have built-in features that integrate the computer with resources on the network. One of the goals of these types of services is to hide the functioning of the network protocol stack by providing shortcuts from the local system to resources on the network. In some cases, the separation disappears completely, and the user browses the network as though it were part of the local computer. Behind ...

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