Redeeming REDD

Table of contents

1. Cover
2. Half Title
3. Title Page
4. Copyright Page
5. Table of Contents
6. List of illustrations
7. Acknowledgements
8. List of acronyms and abbreviations
9. Introduction
   1. A tremendous literature to build upon
10. 1. Grounds for pessimism and optimism
    1. Josephstaal and REDD
    2. The basic controversy
    3. Premises
    4. Climate change urgency
    5. What can (or cannot) be learned from past experience?
    6. Pushback from REDD proponents on feasibility?
    7. Housing bubbles and REDD
    8. Why planners may be optimistic about participation
    9. Winners and losers
    10. REDD’s evolution amidst controversy
    11. Why REDD is seen as a solution to deforestation and forest degradation
    12. Taking into account deforestation drivers
    13. Social feasibility: the key for moving forward
    14. Framing REDD
    15. How best practice language enables feasibility to be bypassed
    16. A new social contract is needed
    17. Intellectual inspiration
    18. The two preconditions to success
11. 2. Theses and theory of change
    1. Current gaps in REDD
       1. Thesis #1: establishing a new social contract is imperative
       2. Thesis #2: empowering local people is key to REDD working
    2. The framework for a theory of change
    3. Rights and REDD
    4. The basic REDD appeal
    5. Complications in implementing the initial REDD vision
       1. Systemic challenges
    6. Psychological explanations for REDD
    7. Best practice and REDD
    8. Outline for a solution
    9. Communities can demand-drive REDD
    10. Rationale for empowering local managers
        1. Capitalizing on communities: subsidiarity, democratic representation, tenure, and empowerment through capacity building
    11. Strategy for approaching social feasibility in REDD
        1. Better TMAs
    12. Lessons from integrated conservation and development projects
    13. Lessons from CBNRM
    14. Ultimately it will be about bargaining zones and not carbon rights
    15. Bargaining zones
    16. What can economic anthropology contribute to understanding REDD?
    17. Social science expertise and process issues: engaging people in planning and decision making cannot be substituted for
    18. How past development failure has implications for REDD
12. 3. REDD’s path to date
    1. Climate change debates and REDD as one proposed solution
    2. REDD as a leading mitigation approach
    3. What is REDD+?
    4. REDD+ and the green economy
    5. Why REDD is so politically expedient
    6. Hyperbole around payments under REDD
    7. Arguments pro and con for investing in climate change mitigation
    8. Deforestation drivers
       1. International demand and deforestation drivers
    9. Species extinction, protected areas, and REDD
    10. Poverty and REDD
    11. What learning is being generated in the Readiness Phase?
    12. Where conventional wisdom falls apart in REDD: Readiness Plan Idea Notes, Readiness Plans, voluntary standards, consultation, political capital
        1. Readiness Plan Idea Notes
        2. Readiness Plans
    13. Weak political capital and poor R-PIN and R-P results
    14. Norwegian oil and REDD
    15. Other formulations for addressing the underlying problems
    16. REDD and “green grabbing”
    17. The conventional wisdom of carbon trading challenged
    18. Alternative models for avoiding deforestation and sequestering carbon
    19. Why alternative theories for how REDD may have evolved are important for adaptively managing REDD
        1. Psychological explanations
        2. Decades of not generating data on results and impacts
    20. USAID, biodiversity conservation, and REDD
    21. A possible new analytical angle
    22. CIFOR’s analysis
    23. Where REDD critics have also missed the boat
        1. Participation and REDD
    24. Unrealistic calculation of opportunity costs
    25. Obtaining FPIC in contexts of desperation
    26. Overview of what a social feasibility framework would accomplish in REDD
13. 4. What do Pygmies circa Mobutu’s Zaire have to do with REDD?
    1. Beni to Mambasa
    2. Mbandaka to Lac Tumba
    3. Implications of Congolese anecdotes for REDD
    4. Implications when social capital is lacking
14. 5. Science and policy
    1. Science background
    2. Policy and stakeholder responses to deforestation
    3. Holes in the logic
    4. REDD as a mitigation strategy
    5. REDD in the context of major policy initiatives: the Paris Declaration and MDGs
    6. Learning from Joint Implementation and the CDM experience
    7. The three phases of REDD
    8. The Readiness Preparation Proposal Process
    9. TMAs and the impact of deploying theory of change in REDD
    10. Where policies promoting theory of change in REDD break down
    11. Obvious gaps in the theory of change in Mai Ndombe
    12. The transaction costs bugaboo
    13. Constructing illusions of order: PES and REDD
    14. Prevailing best practice in REDD
    15. Indigenous institutions: problem or solution?
    16. What could be wrong with the CAZ strategy and policy?
    17. Standard setters in REDD+: UN-REDD and FCPF
        1. The VCS and CCBA PDD product
        2. CCBA background
           1. Case study: April Salumei sustainable Forest Management Project in Papua New Guinea
           2. Apparent implausibility
    18. What should a PDD actually tell a reader?
    19. Safeguards in REDD: necessary, but insufficient
    20. Nesting
    21. Sub-national REDD carbon offsetting as a transitional gambit
15. 6. Stakeholders and REDD
    1. Stakeholder positions
    2. How values affect stakeholder analysis
    3. Anti-REDD advocates
    4. Who are the stakeholders in REDD?
    5. BINGOs
       1. Leveraging past success in REDD
       2. The relevance of earlier critiques of BINGOs to their role in REDD
       3. BINGOs, improved transparency, actual results
    6. Emerging carbon coalitions
    7. Standard setters
    8. CCBA
    9. The problem with the standard
       1. UN-REDD
    10. Commercial stakes in forestlands and land grabbing
    11. Rights-based advocates and peasant farmer movements
    12. Communities – both local and indigenous
    13. Rationale for empowering local managers
    14. Simplistic assumptions about stakeholder participation
    15. Common property and communities
    16. Unfavorable tenure policies
    17. IPs and REDD
    18. Examples of IPs’ resistance to REDD
    19. Not all IPs are critical of REDD at the outset
16. 7. Social feasibility and its components
    1. We can all think like scientists
       1. The rationale for a social feasibility framework in the Yawanawá and IPs’ contexts
    2. Background to establishing feasibility
    3. Social feasibility as step 1 in overall feasibility analysis
    4. What then is social feasibility?
    5. Overview of basic distinctions between feasibility and safeguard approaches
    6. Lessons learned from the CMP
    7. An example of how best practice has led to REDD controversy: Cambodia’s Cardamoms
    8. Extending mistakes from the Cardomoms into Prey Long?
    9. Social feasibility in central African REDD
    10. Can REDD+ work in the absence of demonstrated social feasibility?
    11. Why social feasibility is the lever REDD planners and developers avoid at their peril
    12. Land tenure, benefit sharing, and negotiation are central to social feasibility
    13. Negotiation as key
    14. COAIT and social feasibility in AD
    15. Possible steps for incorporating social feasibility into REDD+ programs and projects
    16. The urgency of the feasibility agenda
17. 8. Capacity building: often discussed, rarely implemented
    1. Background
    2. NGO and community capacity building in Africa: lessons from the 1990s
    3. Implications for CCBA standards and appropriate imprecision
       1. Example 1: live fencing for a women’s group in Mali
       2. Example 2: a public garden in Cameroon
       3. Example 3: the craze of passion fruit in Uganda
    4. Pertinent lessons learned for REDD from NRM capacity building
18. 9. Financing issues
    1. The REDD market premise
    2. REDD and the green economy
    3. Carbon markets
    4. Voluntary and compliance markets
    5. Market rhetoric meets administrative muddle
    6. Climate investment and green funds
    7. Technical arguments for and against markets and funds in REDD
    8. Payment for environmental services and REDD
    9. Why a hybrid financing approach is inevitable
    10. Characteristics of a hybrid platform
    11. Should weak market signals be foreboding for REDD, or does it represent an opportunity?
    12. Private sector preconditions for investment
    13. The Munden challenge to markets
19. 10. Risks related to REDD
    1. The nature of the risks
    2. Climate risks amplifying
    3. The risk of not moving beyond safeguards
    4. Is overemphasis on social science expertise a risk?
    5. MRV level risks
    6. Risks from overconfidence in industry risk management tools
    7. Corruption risks
    8. International level corruption risks through organized crime
    9. Reputational risks
       1. Donor reputational risk
       2. Increasing negative publicity that “the story of REDD is just a lie”
       3. Potential damage to thought-leaders of repute
       4. Potential new sources for REDD critique
    10. Risks of trivializing gender
    11. The risks of not conducting risk analysis
    12. The risk inherent to carbon commodities and securities
    13. Risks of misreading equitable benefit sharing for communities
        1. The risk o benefit sharing from non-representative community decisions over benefit sharing
    14. Livelihood risks
    15. Risks from politicizing indigenous perspectives
    16. Is OPIC’s REDD insurance a risky precedent for countries?
    17. The risks of employing win–win scenarios
    18. The risk that investors may demand more due diligence on social issues
    19. Risks to implementation after the current preparatory Readiness Phase
    20. The risks of conflating biodiversity conservation needs as a driver for REDD programming
    21. Risks to farmers of eliminating slash and burn
    22. Opportunities
20. 11. A new social contract for moving forward
    1. Rationale for a new approach
    2. A social contract generated through multi-stakeholder negotiation is the first step
    3. Inordinate externalities to communities must be averted
    4. How UN agencies can redeem themselves in a renegotiated REDD
    5. Troubled waters under the bridge
    6. Can impact investors play a positive role?
    7. Incentives to government
    8. What will the new social contract lead to?
    9. Premises and actions for redeeming REDD
       1. Premises
       2. Actions for planners to consider
    10. Not throwing the baby out with the bathwater
21. Notes
22. References
23. Index