R: Data Analysis and Visualization

Classification using the backpropagation algorithm

The backpropagation (BP) algorithm learns the classification model by training a multilayer feed-forward neural network. The generic architecture of the neural network for BP is shown in the following diagrams, with one input layer, some hidden layers, and one output layer. Each layer contains some units or perceptron. Each unit might be linked to others by weighted connections. The values of the weights are initialized before the training. The number of units in each layer, number of hidden layers, and the connections will be empirically defined at the very start.

The training tuples are assigned ...