Python Cookbook

Creating Color Scales

Credit: Alexander Pletzer

Problem

You need to represent numbers in a given range as colors on a pseudocolor scale, typically for data-visualization purposes.

Solution

Given a magnitude mag between given limits cmin and cmax, the basic idea is to return a color (R,G,B) tuple: light blue for cold (low magnitude) all the way to yellow for hot (high magnitude). For generality, each of R, G, and B can be returned as a float between 0.0 and 1.0:

import math

def floatRgb(mag, cmin, cmax):
    """ Return a tuple of floats between 0 and 1 for R, G, and B. """
    # Normalize to 0-1
    try: x = float(mag-cmin)/(cmax-cmin)
    except ZeroDivisionError: x = 0.5 # cmax == cmin
    blue  = min((max((4*(0.75-x), 0.)), 1.))
    red   = min((max((4*(x-0.25), 0.)), 1.))
    green = min((max((4*math.fabs(x-0.5)-1., 0.)), 1.))
    return red, green, blue

Discussion

In practical applications, R, G, and B will usually need to be integers between 0 and 255, and the color will be a tuple of three integers or a hex string representing them:

def rgb(mag, cmin, cmax):
    """ Return a tuple of integers, as used in AWT/Java plots. """
    red, green, blue = floatRgb(mag, cmin, cmax)
    return int(red*255), int(green*255), int(blue*255)

def strRgb(mag, cmin, cmax):
    """ Return a hex string, as used in Tk plots. """
    return "#%02x%02x%02x" % rgb(mag, cmin, cmax)

When given a magnitude mag between cmin and cmax, these two functions return a color tuple (red, green, blue) with each component on a 0-255 scale. The tuple can be represented as a hex string (strRgb), as required in Tk calls, or as integers (rgb), as required in Java (AWT) applications.

I often use these utility functions in my programs to create simple pseudo-color graphics under Python-Tkinter and Jython-AWT. The color maps are linear functions of the three colors (red, green, blue) with saturation. Low magnitudes are associated with a light, cold blue, high magnitudes with a warm yellow.