Chapter 2Journey from Novice to Expert

We can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.

Albert Einstein

Wouldn’t you like to be the expert? To intuitively know the right answer? This is the first step of our journey together along that road. In this chapter, we’ll look at what it means to be a novice and what it means to be an expert—and all the stages in between. Here’s where our story begins.

Once upon a time, two researchers (brothers) wanted to advance the state of the art in artificial intelligence. They wanted to write software that would learn and attain skills in the same manner that humans learn and gain skill (or prove that it couldn’t be done). To do that, they first had to study how humans ...

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