9.5. Summary
In this chapter we describe randomization procedures used by pharmaceutical industry. We devote most attention to the popular permuted block design and its variations brought in by variable block size, constrained randomization and randomization balanced across the centers. For each of the described approaches, we provide SAS code to create a randomization schedule.
We also discuss covariate-adaptive allocation procedures. When there is a need to balance the treatment groups with respect to baseline covariates, the stratified permuted block randomization is typically used. However, if the number of baseline covariates to balance upon is large, stratified randomization might not be feasible. In this case, one of the dynamic covariate-adaptive ...
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