What Is Job Performance?
Before discussing best practices, it is useful to first clarify what we mean by “performance.” Campbell, McCloy, Oppler, and Sager (1993, pp. 40-41) stated that performance is
“something that people actually do and can be observed. . . . Performance is what the organization hires one to do, and do well. Performance is not the consequence or result of action, it is the action itself.”
In applied settings, performance management encompasses task performance, contextual performance (Borman & Motowidlo, 1993) and organizational citizenship behaviors (Podsakoff, Ahearne, & MacKenzie, 1997), adaptive performance (that is, adapting to complex, novel, turbulent, or unpredictable work environments), and dealing with counterproductive ...
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