Performance Evaluation: Proven Approaches for Improving Program and Organizational Performance

KEY POINTS

• Phillips's return-on-investment approach builds on Kirkpatrick's four levels of evaluation by adding a fifth level: return on investment.
• One distinguishing feature of Phillips's approach to ROI is the isolation of the effects of the training program.
• Although Phillips popularized ROI evaluation in the training and performance improvement field, many variations of ROI estimation can be found in other fields.