New Appoaches in the Process Industries: The Manufacturing Plant of the Future

Appendix

The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry [ANA 98] [ANA 98] Anastas P.T., Warner J.C., Green Chemistry, Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.	The 12 Principles of Green Engineering [ANA 98] [ANA 03] Anastas P.T., Zimmerman J.B., “Design through the 12 Principles of Green Engineering” Environmental Science and Technology, 37 (5): 94A–101A, 2003.
1. Prevention It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.	1. Inherent Rather Than Circumstantial Designers need to strive to ensure that all materials and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently non-hazardous as possible.
2. Atom Economy Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.	2. Prevention Instead of Treatment It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.
3. Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses Wherever practical, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.	3. Design for Separation Separation and purification operations should be designed to minimize energy consumption and materials used.
4. Designing Safer Chemicals Chemical products should be designed to affect their desired function while minimizing their toxicity.	4. Maximize Efficiency Products, processes and systems should be designed to maximize mass, energy, space and time efficiency. ...