Databases and Doctrine
Databases are the backbone of almost every web application. Every time we need to store or retrieve data, we do so with the help of databases. The challenge in the modern OOP world is to abstract the database so that our PHP code is database agnostic. MySQL is probably the most known database in the PHP world. PHP itself has a great support for working with MySQL, whether it is via the mysqli_* extension or via PDO. However, both approaches are MySQL specific, to o close to database. Doctrine solves this problem by introducing a level of abstraction, enabling us to work with PHP objects that represent tables, rows, and their relations in MySQL.
Doctrine is completely decoupled from Symfony, so using it is completely optional. ...
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