Chapter 2

Operational Amplifiers

2.1 Introduction

The world is analog. With the invention of the transistor, electronics engineers gained competence in the digital processing of analog signals. However, in all signal processing systems, designers have to receive, amplify or attenuate, or process the analog signals using varieties of analog techniques. The operational amplifier (op amp) is one of most commonly used analog components for such tasks.

Bob Widlar, working at Fairchild, designed the first successful op amp back in 1965. The first commercial monolithic device was μA709. The developments that continued from this experience provided several successful op amps, such as the μA741 and the LM301. With advancements in semiconductor manufacturing ...

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