CHAPTER 9
Integration of Organizational Needs
“I have selected these three activities not only because they are of major concern in most organizations but also because they illustrate several important puzzles. The four puzzles are that (1) the activities that produce success also produce failure; (2) how the success is framed covers up the failure; (3) the criteria of success in all three cases are not tough enough to deal with the problems that plague managers at all levels in many different kinds of organizations; and (4) in all cases, the players involved are not getting at the basic causes of the problems. They are solving problems in superficial ways, and they are unrealizingly kidding themselves that this is not so.”
—Chris Argyris, Overcoming Organizational Defenses
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