This is the easiest scenario. It's also the least secure, so you shouldn't get into the habit of setting things up this way (which is what too much of running on your own machine can do):
bin/cqlsh
This is the only scenario where executing cqlsh without any parameters may work, and only if you have not configured your local Cassandra node to bind to anything but the home IP address of 127.0.0.1. cqlsh also uses 127.0.0.1 by default, so this will not work in a remote or multiple-node scenario.