Managing

¹ This was used from July 1967 to June 1981. Before that, it was for “thoughtful businessmen”; and just after that, for “the thoughtful manager.”

² Thus I can hardly complain when Hales turned around my claim that the empirical studies of managerial work “paint an interesting picture, one as different from Fayol’s classical view as a cubist abstract is from a Renaissance painting” (1975:50). He called the analogy “unfortunately apt, because the research picture does indeed appear as an assemblage of geometric shapes which do not always fit together” (1986:105).

³ In the first serious study of managerial work, Carlson commented near the end, in words that remain true, “Throughout the present study, I have, above all, lacked a theoretical system, ...