Nonlinearity

Linear problems are ones where effects are proportional to causes, where the pieces of the problem are independent of each other, and where outcomes are predictable once you know what the inputs are. Real life turns out to be more complicated than that. The weather is a good example.

Remember the linear version of the weather? In real life, the weather equation would be something like this:

weather = ?

There simply isn't an equation that will predict the weather like we want. The problem is the level of detail. I can predict the likelihood of rain in a particular place at a particular time based on past weather patterns, but I can't tell you confidently, “It will rain between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. on this date in this place one year ...

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