Foreword

The human desire to express and communicate has influenced computing almost as long as there have been computers. ENIAC was first turned on in 1947. The first computer music was generated in 1957.

The desire to say more with a computer has driven many advances in computer science. Ivan Sutherland invented interactive computer graphics in 1963, and his creation inspired the idea of classes in object-oriented programming. Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg described the computer as human’s first meta-medium, the first creative medium that could encompass all previous media. Their research group at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) worked in the 1970s to answer the question, “What would a computer used for creative expression look like?” ...

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