The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
- Italic
Used to indicate new terms, example URLs, filenames, file extensions, directories, commands and options, Unix utilities, and to highlight comments in examples. For example, a path in the filesystem will appear in the text as /Applications/Utilities.
-
Constant
width
Used to show functions, variables, keys, attributes, the contents of files, or the output from commands.
-
Constant width bold
Used in examples and tables to show commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.
-
Constant width italic
Used in examples and tables to show text that should be replaced with user-supplied values.
- Menus/Navigation
Menus and their options are referred to in the text as File → Open, Edit → Copy, etc. Arrows are also used to signify a navigation path when using window options; for example: System Preferences → Accounts →
username
→ Password means that you would launch System Preferences, click the icon for the Accounts preference panel, select the appropriateusername
, and then click on the Password pane within that panel.- Pathnames
Pathnames are used to show the location of a file or application in the filesystem. Directories (or folders for Mac and Windows users) are separated by a forward slash. For example, if you’re told to “...launch the Terminal application (
/Applications/Utilities
)”, it means you can find the Terminal application in the Utilities subfolder of the Application folder.-
$
,#
The dollar sign (
$
) is used in some examples to show the user prompt for thebash
shell; the hash mark (#
) is the prompt for theroot
user.-
[RETURN]
Used in place of a carriage return.
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