Conventions Used in This Book

The following is a list of the typographical conventions used in this book.

Italic

is used for file and directory names, program and command names, command-line options, email addresses and path names, URLs, and for emphasizing new terms.

Boldface

is used to symbolize keystrokes (i.e., Ctrl-N).

Constant Width

is used in examples to show the contents of code files or the output from commands, and to indicate environment variables and keywords that appear in code.

Constant Italic

is used to indicate variable options, keywords, or text that the user is to replace with an actual value.

Constant Bold

is used in examples to show commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.

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