2

Fundamentals of Operational Amplifiers

Objectives

To understand the concepts and working principles of the following:

  • BJT differential amplifier.
  • Inner circuit details and block diagram of opera­tional amplifier.
  • Operational amplifier working as a differential amplifier.
  • Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) concept and various methods of improvement.
  • Practical details and characteristics of opera­tional amplifiers and their significance.
  • Frequency response characteristics of opera­tional amplifiers.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
  1. Vacuum tube operational amplifier was first used as ‘summing amplifier’ at AT&T Bell Labs at New Jersey, USA by the engineer Karl D Swartzel Jr. in 1941. It was used in artillery director along with Radar in world war-II. ...

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