To save existing records, use EDIT mode in the force:recordData component. The controller markup is as follows:
<force:recordData aura:id="recordComponent" recordId="{!v.recordId}" layoutType="FULL" targetRecord="{!v.record}" targetFields="{!v.simpleRecord}" targetError="{!v.recordError}" recordUpdated="{!c.handleRecordUpdated}" mode = "EDIT" />
The controller function is as follows:
component.find("recordComponent").saveRecord($A.getCallback(function(saveResult) { // NOTE: If you want a specific behavior(an action or UI behavior) when this action is successful // then handle that in a callback (generic logic when record is changed should be handled in recordUpdated event handler) if (saveResult.state === "SUCCESS" ...