Learning Perl, Fourth Edition

Using Filehandles

Once a filehandle is open for reading, you can read lines from it the same way you can read from standard input with STDIN. So, for example, to read lines from the Unix password file:

    if ( ! open PASSWD, "/etc/passwd") {
      die "How did you get logged in? ($!)";
    }


    while (<PASSWD>) {
      chomp;
       . . .
    }

In this example, the die message uses parentheses around $!. Those are literal parentheses around the message in the output. (Sometimes, a punctuation mark is just a punctuation mark.) As you can see, what we’ve been calling the “line-input operator” is two components; the angle brackets (the real line-input operator) are around an input filehandle.

A filehandle open for writing or appending may be used with print or printf, appearing immediately after the keyword but before the list of arguments:

    print LOG "Captain's log, stardate 3.14159\n";  # output goes to LOG
    printf STDERR "%d percent complete.\n", $done/$total * 100;

Did you notice that there’s no comma between the filehandle and the items to be printed?^[152] This looks especially weird if you use parentheses. Either of these forms is correct:

    printf (STDERR "%d percent complete.\n", $done/$total * 100);
    printf STDERR ("%d percent complete.\n", $done/$total * 100);

Changing the Default Output Filehandle

By default, if you don’t give a filehandle to print (or to printf as everything we say here about one applies equally well to the other), the output will go to STDOUT. But that default may be changed with the select operator. ...