Pavlov Moves On

This changed the Pavlovian view of personal growth to more cognitive and humanist theories, which spawned Benjamin Bloom’s work with the hierarchical nature of knowledge, Abraham Maslow’s ideas on how learners attempt to take control of their own life processes, Robert Gagne’s identification of the main categories of learning, and the Chris Argyris–Donald Schön collaboration that innovated the groundbreaking methodology known as double-loop learning (Argyris & Schön, 1974; Bloom, 1965; Gagne, 1987; Maslow, 1937).

The Argyris-Schon starting point for many learners is in the detection and correction of errors within governing variables such as given or chosen goals, values, plans, and rules—what is recognized as incremental or ...

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