Appendix

The nine dots (Idea 7)

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The reason you may not have been able to solve the problem is that unconsciously your mind imposed a framework around the nine dots. You have to go beyond that invisible box. From this problem, which I introduced in 1969, comes the phrase ‘Think outside the box!’

The six matchsticks

Again, ask yourself the reason you couldn't solve it. Were you making an assumption or imposing a constraint that the puzzle must be solved on one plane or in two dimensions?

Breaking out of the two-dimensional unconscious assumption and into three dimensions gives the most elegant solution:

The six coins

Move the bottom coin up and ...

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