1.7. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Layers
Earlier in the chapter, the seven OSI network layers were discussed. However, not all of these layers are used in Internet programming. The TCP/IP suite of protocols can be mapped to a subset of the OSI layers, as shown in Figure 1-5.
Figure 1-5. TCP/IP stack divided by layers
Each layer is stacked upon another layer, using encapsulation. Data passes from the top application layer, down to the transport layer, and then flows on to the network layer. At this stage, the data is sent across the Internet, and will reach a local area network or dial-up connection. Below the network layer, the data will flow to the data ...
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