Another up-and-coming language is Kotlin. It is a statically-typed language from JetBrains, the makers of IntelliJ IDEA, that targets both the JVM and Javascript. It even has nascent support to compile directly to machine code via LLVM for those environments, such as iOS, embedded systems, and so on, where a virtual machine is not desired or allowed.
Kotlin was started in 2010, and open sourced in 2012, as a means to address some common issues JetBrains was facing in large-scale Java development. Having surveyed the then-current language landscape, their engineers felt that none of those languages adequately addressed their concerns. Scala, considered for years now by many to be the next Java, was, for example, deemed to be too slow ...
