Notes

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Preface and Acknowledgments

1. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. R. M. Adams (New York: Norton, 1977), 1513.

Chapter 1

1. The material on Aetna in this chapter is primarily drawn from Cyrus F. Gibson, “Turnaround at Aetna: The IT Factor,” working paper 362, MIT Sloan School of Management Center for Information Systems Research, Cambridge, MA, 2006.

2. From a presentation entitled “Leading Change: A Conversation with Ron Williams” made as part of the MIT Sloan School of Management’s Dean’s Innovative Leader Series on October 9, 2008 (http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/614).

3. Enterprise resource planning systems (often referred to as ERPs) are a way to integrate the data and processes of an organization ...

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