Troubleshooting IP
Since IP provides only simple delivery services, almost all of the problems with IP are related to delivery difficulties. Perhaps a network segment is down, or a router has been misconfigured, or a host is no longer accepting packets.
In order to effectively debug problems with IP delivery, you should rely on the ICMP protocol. It is the function of ICMP to report on problems that will keep IP datagrams from getting delivered to their destination effectively. For more information on ICMP, refer to Chapter 5.
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