Level 0 consists of a wide variety of sensors and actuators involved in the basic manufacturing process. These devices perform the primary functions of the ICS, such as driving a motor, measuring variables, setting an output, and performing key functions, such as painting, welding, bending, and so on. These functions can be very simple (temperature gauge) or highly complex (a moving robot).
Historically, this was the area of field devices and their corresponding (proprietary) protocols. More recently, the pervasiveness of converged network technologies has driven Ethernet and IP to these areas as a communication protocol. Previously, a lot of the sensors and actuators in level 0 were hidden behind an extra communications ...
