HTML & XHTML: The Definitive Guide, 6th Edition

The <bdo> Tag

As we mentioned earlier, the authors of the HTML 4 standard made a concerted effort to include standard ways that web agents (browsers) are supposed to treat and display the many different human languages and dialects. Accordingly, the HTML 4 standard and its progeny, XHTML, contain the universal dir and lang attributes that let you explicitly advise the browser that the whole document or specific tagged segments within it are in a particular language. These language-related attributes, then, may affect some display characteristics; for example, the dir attribute tells the browser to write the words across the display from either left to right (dir=ltr), as for most Western languages, or right to left (dir=rtl), as for many Asian languages.[The dir attribute, 3.6.1.1] [The lang attribute, 3.6.1.2]

The various Unicode and ISO standards for language encoding and display may conflict with your best intentions. In particular, the contents of some other documents, such as a Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME)-encoded file, may already be properly formatted, and your document may misadvise the browser to undo that encoding. Hence, the HTML 4 and XHTML standards have the <bdo> tag. With it, you override any current and inherited dir specifications. And with the tag’s required dir attribute, you definitively specify the direction in which the tag’s contents should be displayed.

For example, Figure 3-5 shows how Internet Explorer handles the following HTML fragment ...