Languages and Virtual Machines
Modern computer systems consist of a number of layers, starting with the underlying hardware layer (the hardware that the computer software runs on), moving up to layers dealing with operating systems, and finally moving up to layers dealing with running application software (e.g., applications written for business or healthcare). The evolution of computer systems can be characterized by the invention of many languages, which were developed over time to specifically make programming and human interactions with computers easier. Initially computer systems were programmed in machine language (1s and 0s, as mentioned earlier in this section). Programming at the machine level was tedious and difficult, and as a result, ...
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