Unfortunately, it is not currently possible to deploy an Azure WebJob directly from Visual Studio Code. However, if you have the Azure App Service extension installed, you can quickly navigate from within the IDE to the portal and upload the code manually.
To do so, you have to right-click on the WebJobs section of your Azure App Service and select Open in Portal:
Doing so will route you directly to the instance of Azure App Service, where you can add a new WebJob by clicking on the + Add button: