Earth Science
The Earth Sciences include the study of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, oceans, biosphere, and the solid Earth, including the interactions among these spheres. Earth scientists use concepts and tools from physics, chemistry, biology, chronology, and mathematics to construct a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works, and how it evolved to its current state.
The study of the Earth’s conductive heat flow has helped us understand the Earth’s “heat engine” that derives its energy from the primordial energy of planetary accretion, the segregation and solidification of the Earth’s core, and the decay of radioactive uranium, thorium, and potassium. Irish chemist Robert Boyle published the first recorded increase ...
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