16.1. WHAT DO PEOPLE NEED TO BE EFFECTIVE?
To be an effective leader, manager, or professional, a person needs the ability to use knowledge and to make things happen. These can be called competencies, which Boyatzis defines as, "the underlying characteristics of a person that lead to or cause effective and outstanding performance" (1982, p. 14). A set of competencies has been shown to cause or predict outstanding leader, manager, or professional performance in the literature (Boyatzis, 1982; Druskat, Mount, & Sala, 2005; Howard & Bray, 1988; Journal of Management Development, 2008, 2009; Kotter, 1982; Luthans, Hodgetts, & Rosenkrantz, 1988). Several conceptual integrations or meta-analytic syntheses have provided a summary of other studies (Goleman, ...
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