Rather than a big list of all the terms, let's go through the basic Tableau usage.
When you open Tableau, you start working on a Workbook. After you're done working, you save your work in that Workbook (a .twb or .twbx file). You can open multiple instances of Tableau, each of them being a different Workbook.
The first page when creating a Workbook is the start page. Here, you can Connect to data and open recent Workbooks. Here is the start page:
After connecting to a File or a Server, Tableau opens the Data Source workplace. On this page, you can create the Data Source by choosing the tables you want to use and creating Joins, ...